a. Means of escape

(1) aboveground warehouse floors

E

One exit staircase is permitted to serve an aboveground warehouse floor provided:

(a) the habitable height of the floor shall not exceed 15m;

(b) the floor shall not be located above 4th storey; and

(c) the AFA of the floor shall not exceed 200m².

(2) Mezzanine floors

One open stair is allowed to serve a mezzanine floor(s) within an aboveground warehouse floor provided:

(a) the aggregate AFA of the mezzanine floor(s) per warehouse unit shall not exceed 60m²;

(b) the open stair shall have a width of at least 1m and be constructed of non-combustible materials;

(c) the maximum travel distance measured from remote point on the mezzanine floor(s) to the exits shall comply with Table 2.2A;

(d) the elements of structure of the mezzanine floor(s) shall be of at least 1-hr fire resistance construction;

(e) the habitable height of mezzanine floor shall not exceed 24m; and

(f) mezzanine floor shall only be used for store and/or ancillary office.

b. Structural fire precautions

(2) Warehouse

Warehouse compartment size exceeding 700m² for above ground level and 100m² for below ground level are subject to full compliance of Cl.9.8.3.

Where coldrooms are provided in PG III, IV, V, VI, VII or VIII buildings, the following requirements shall be complied with:

a. Coldroom constructed of combustible insulation panels

(1) For non-sprinkler-protected buildings

Where the aggregate floor area of coldroom(s) exceeds 10m², a separate outer layer of non-combustible construction, including the door, having at least 1-hr fire resistance rating, shall be provided to compartmentalise the coldroom(s) from other areas. The maximum aggregate floor area of the coldroom(s) shall not exceed 100m² in each compartment.

a. General

The scope of this section covers the fire safety requirements for general warehouses which include single-storey single-user warehouses, single-storey multi-user warehouses, underground warehouses, multi-storey warehouses with or without basements and warehouse within other non-industrial buildings.

b. Compartment

(1) Departmental stores and supermarkets having displayed storage height more than 4m (with sprinkler protection) or 2.5m (without sprinkler protection) shall comply with the requirements as stipulated in this section.

(2) The size of compartment shall not exceed the maximum allowable dimensions shown in the Table 9.8A, depending on the type of fire protection and location of the warehouse.

a. Scope

(1) Chemicals or hazardous materials (HazMat) have a wide range of properties and hazards, which shall be identified and understood in order to fulfil the requirements of safe warehousing. A complete understanding of the hazards requires an assessment of the container and packaging systems and storage arrangements. In addition, the requirements of general warehouse shall be complied with.

(2) The fire safety requirement for laboratory storing and using chemicals/ hazmat shall be in accordance with NFPA 45 [except for Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) which shall be as stipulated in Table 9.8K and Table 9.8L].

! Note to QPs on Clause 9.8.4a.(2)

The laboratory operators shall minimize the amount of flammable liquids on benches by returning them to chemical store or safety cabinets when the liquids are not needed for the day. At the same time, the laboratory operators shall ensure that the quantity of these liquids placed on benches and fume cupboards shall not exceed 10% of the total allowable storage capacity within the laboratory unit. Liquids used for running and operating laboratory instruments or other work-in-progress which may require some quantities of solvents to operate are exempted from the 10% limit.

b. Identification of hazardous materials (HazMat)

! Note to QPs on Clause 9.8.4b

Consultation with Hazmat Department of the SCDF shall be sought at the initial stage (Quantitative Risk Assessment study may be required) and, at the stage of finalizing for further comment and concurrence before the formal plan submission. QP shall obtain the technical requirements from other relevant agencies first before consulting the SCDF for the following classes of HazMat:

a. SPF for Class 1

b. NEA for Class 2.3, 3, 6.1, 6.2, 7 & 8

c. MOH for Class 6.2 (Health Sciences Authority, HSA) & Class 7 (Centre for Radiation Protection under HSA)

Substances listed as hazardous materials are classified as shown in Table 9.8F.

c. Size limitation

a. General

The provisions of this chapter of the Code shall serve to stipulate the fire safety requirements for the FAMCP. These requirements shall assist with plans submissions to the design, construction, protection, location and arrangement of the various fire safety provisions.

b. Parking height

The parking height refers to the height that shall be measured from the average level of the ground adjoining the outside of the external walls of the building to the highest or lowest car parking level. In situations where mixed usage involving above ground and underground car parking, the height shall be measured between the highest and lowest car parking levels.

c. Classification of FAMCP

The FAMCP shall be subdivided into three categories as follows:

(1) Category 1a: Small aboveground having the following sizes:

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(a) Maximum floor area: 200m² (Total area of car parking decks)

(b) Maximum cubical extent: 1400m³

(c) Maximum parking height: 10m

(d) Minimum side openings: At least one side of the FAMCP shall be fully open and facing the fire engine access road

(2) Category 1b: Small above ground with deck sunken, having not more than 2 car parking level sunken below the ground level and having the following sizes:

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(a) Maximum floor area: 200m² (Total area of car parking decks)

(b) Maximum cubical extent: 1400m³

(c) Maximum parking height: 14m (Subject to maximum parking height of 10m above ground level)

(d) Minimum side openings: At least one side of the FAMCP shall be fully open and facing the fire engine access road

(3) Category 2: Any above ground that does not fall under Category 1.

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(4) Category 3: Any underground that does not fall under Category 1, including FAMCP that combines above ground (Category 2) and underground (Category 3) parking.

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d. Fire safety requirements that are applicable to all three categories of FAMCP

The fire safety requirements that are applicable to all three categories of car parks are as follows:

(1) areas within the car park building shall not be accessible to the public;

(2) the car park building shall be classified as PG VIII (storage) as per Table 1.4A;

(3) means of escape shall be provided where there are areas that are accessible by the public and these shall be in accordance with the requirements as for PG VIII buildings;

(4) where a separation wall or floor is required, fire-rated floor of at least 2- hr fire resistance rating subject to compliance with the requirements of the elements of structure for PG VIII buildings shall be provided;

(5) where an external wall is required in Cl.3.5, fire-rated floor of at least 1- hr fire resistance rating subject to compliance with the requirements of the elements of structure for PG VIII buildings shall be provided;

(6) for unprotected openings, Table 2 of Annex 3B to Cl.3.5 shall be complied with;

(7) fire extinguishers having a minimum rating of 70B shall be provided at every entrance and exit of the car park;

(8) hose reel coverage shall be provided for every entrance and exit of the car park;

(9) where any such installation is required, its primary and secondary source of power supplies shall be in accordance with Chapter 5; and

(10) fire engine access roads to be provided to gain access to the exit staircases.

e. Category 1 fire safety requirements for small above ground fully automated mechanised car park (SA- FAMCP)

(1) The SA-FAMCP shall not exceed the following compartment limits as indicated in the table below:

TABLE 9.8.5e.(1) : COMPARTMENTATION OF SA-FAMCP
Compartment	Maximum Floor Area	Maximum Cubicle Extent
Compartment between average ground level and a height of 10m.	200m2 (Total area of car parking decks)	1400m3

(2) The SA-FAMCP shall be constructed of structural steel construction. Fire resistance to element shall be provided according to Cl.3.3.

(3) For SA-FAMCP having multi-car parking level, vertical fire separation between the upper and lower decks by using non- perforated and non- combustible materials (e.g. structural steel plate) shall be provided.

R Rationale - Clause 9.8.5e.(3)

This is to minimise direct impingement of flame to the car on the upper deck and also to prevent dripping of any possible leaking fuel to the lower deck.

(4) Fire engine access roads to be provided to gain access to the exit staircases.

(5) Private fire hydrants if required shall be provided in accordance with Cl.4.4.

(6) At least one side of the FAMCP shall be fully open and facing the access road. The maximum distance measured from the opening(s) to the most remote part of the car parking deck shall not exceed 8m.

f. Category 2 fire safety requirements for above ground fully automated mechanised car park (A - FAMCP)

All A-FAMCP shall be subjected to the Fire Certificate scheme. The specific fire safety requirements for the A-FAMCP shall be as follows:

(1) the A-FAMCP shall be constructed of structural steel construction. Fire resistance to element of structure shall be provided according to Cl.3.3.

(2) the vertical fire separation between the upper and lower decks by using non-perforated and non-combustible materials (structural steel plate) shall be provided.

(3) firefighting provisions shall be provided as follows:

(a) all exit staircases shall conform to the requirements of Cl.2.3.3;

(b) smoke-free approach as stated in Cl.2.2.13 and Cl.2.2.14;

(c) fire doors of at least 1-hr fire resistance rating for the access of firefighters via the exit staircase into the car park. The fire door shall be of at least 850mm wide by 1m high with a visual glass panel. Wordings of “For smoke venting, do not enter” shall be posted on the external side of the door. The wordings shall be of at least 25mm in height.

(d) the numbers of exit staircases provided shall depend on the number of rising mains. Each rising main serving every car parking level shall provide the following coverage:

(i) an access platform of minimum width of 900mm shall be provided and shall be constructed with at least 1-hr fire resistance rating. Handrails shall be provided on both sides to prevent falls.

(ii) no part of any car parking deck shall exceed 28m.

(e) Breeching inlet serving rising main shall be located within 18m of the fire engine access road.

(f) Dry rising main shall be provided for height exceeding 10m and up to 60m. When the height exceeds 60m, wet rising main shall be provided. The breeching inlet shall be located at the foot of the riser stack. One standby fire hose shall be provided at the ground level of each staircase.

(g) Fire lift shall be provided for habitable height exceeding 24m.

(h) Where fire lift is required, a two-way voice communication system shall be provided between the Fire Command Centre and the following areas:

(i) every fire lift lobby, including 1st storey; and

(ii) all firefighting-related mechanical equipment rooms inclusive of sprinkler pump room, wet riser pump room, etc..

(i) FCC shall be provided in accordance with C1.8.2.4.

(j) Private fire hydrant where required shall be provided in accordance with Cl.4.4;

(k) Fire engine access roads to be provided to gain access to exit staircases.

(l) The A-FAMCP shall be protected by active firefighting systems such as sprinklers or clean agent fire extinguishing systems:

(i) Where sprinkler protection is installed, quick response sprinklers shall be provided. Each parking deck shall be protected by at least one sprinkler head.

(ii) Where clean agent fire extinguishing systems are installed, the amount of agent required to achieve the design concentration shall be based on total flooding method. Standby cylinders at 100% capacity shall be provided on site.

(iii) All doors, shutters, dampers, and/or openings shall be closed throughout the duration of gas deployment.

(iv) Bypass door shall be provided in the event where there are occupants inside A-FAMCP during gas deployment.

(v) Firefighters shall be able to activate the clean agent manually if the system was not activated during a fire.

(m) Sump pit shall be provided to contain water discharge from sprinkler system. The capacity of the sump put shall be based on simultaneous operation of sprinklers for 4 car park decks for duration of 20 mins. Foam inlet in accordance to Cl.6.2.7 shall be provided adjacent to the sump pit to address liquid fire (burning fuel on water).

(n) For A-FAMCP protected by sprinkler systems, ventilation openings (with exhaust air outlet sited at high level and fresh air inlet sited at low level) of at least 2.5% of the largest floor area of any car parking level shall be provided. It shall be operated automatically by activation of sprinklers or heat detectors, if such openings are not naturally ventilated.

(o) For A-FAMCP protected by clean agent systems, ventilation openings (with exhaust air outlet sited at high level and fresh air inlet sited at low level) of at least 2.5% of the largest floor area of any car parking level shall be provided. It shall be operated manually by firefighters.

(p) Addressable heat detectors shall be installed according to SS CP 10 and provided to every parking deck to assist firefighters in identifying the exact location of the car on fire. Each addressable heat detector shall be represented by its own LED indicator and shall be displayed at the sub-alarm panel according to their locations/levels. Sub-alarm panel shall be provided at the entrance on FAMCP.

(q) Thermocouple reading for every parking level shall be provided as a means for firefighters to identify if the fire has been effectively extinguished. No point in the FAMCP shall exceed 10m from a thermocouple. A panel to display temperature readings shall be installed adjacent to sub-alarm panel.

(r) The deck to deck height shall be at least 2.2m.

(s) Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) shall be provided and maintained in a clearly marked cabinet for maintenance personnel. Maintenance personnel must be equipped with SCBA while working in A-FAMCP. Signage with words minimum 50mm shall be clearly visible and state: “Personnel must be equipped with SCBA during maintenance”

(t) A-FAMCP shall be maintained and inspected yearly or at intervals specified by the individual system suppliers, whichever is shorter.

g. Category 3 fire safety requirements for underground fully automated mechanised car park (U – FAMCP)

All U-FAMCPs shall be subjected to the Fire Certificate scheme. The specific fire safety requirements for the U-FAMCP shall be as follows:

(1) The compartmentation of the U-FAMCP shall not exceed the following sizes:

TABLE 9.8.5g.(1) : COMPARTMENTATION OF U-FAMCP
Maximum Parking Depth	Maximum Floor Area	Cubical Extent
28m	2000m2 (Total area of car parking decks)	7000m3

(2) The U-FAMCP shall be constructed on structural steel construction. Fire resistance to element of structure shall be provided according to Cl.3.3.

(3) The vertical fire separation between the upper and lower decks by using non-perforated and non-combustible materials (structural steel plate) shall be provided.

R Rationale - Clause 9.8.5g.(3)

This is to minimise direct impingement of flame to the car on the upper deck and also to prevent dripping of any possible leaking fuel to the lower deck.

(4) The U-FAMCP shall be provided with the following firefighting provisions:

(a) all exit staircases shall conform to the requirements of Cl.2.3.3;

(b) smoke-free approach as stated in Cl.2.2.13 and Cl.2.2.14;

(c) fire doors of at least 1-hr fire resistance rating for the access of firefighters via the staircase into the car park;

(d) the number of exit staircases provided shall depend on the number of rising mains. Each rising main serving every car parking level shall provide the following coverage:

(i) where internal access to every car parking deck is provided:

• an access platform of minimum width of 900mm shall be provided and shall be constructed with at least 1-hr fire resistance rating with handrails provided on both sides; and

R Rationale - Clause 9.8.5g.(4)(d)(i)

Handrails provided on both sides will help to prevent falls of firefighters during the firefighting operation.

• no part of any car parking deck shall exceed 28m.

(ii) where no internal access to every car parking deck is provided, the maximum distance measured from the staircase door to the most remote part of the car parking deck shall not exceed 8m.

(e) Breeching inlet serving rising main shall be located within a travel distance of 18m from the fire engine accessway/fire engine access road.

(f) Dry rising main shall be provided for height exceeding 10m and up to 60m. When the height exceeds 60m, wet rising main shall be provided. The breeching inlet shall be located at the foot of the riser stack. One standby fire hose shall be provided at the ground level of each exit staircase.

(g) Fire lift shall be provided for basement depth exceeding 9m.

(h) Where fire lift is required, a two-way emergency voice communication system shall be provided between the FCC and the following areas:

(i) every fire lift lobby, including first storey; and

(ii) all firefighting-related mechanical equipment rooms, inclusive of sprinkler pump room, wet riser pump room etc..

(i) FCC shall be provided in accordance with Cl.8.2.4.

(j) Basement levels shall be provided with two-way emergency voice communication system in accordance with Cl.8.2.2.

(5) Private fire hydrant where required shall be provided in accordance with Cl.4.4.

(6) Fire engine access road to be provided to gain access to the exit staircases.

(7) The U-FAMCP shall be protected by sprinklers or clean agent fire extinguishing systems.

(a) Where sprinkler protection is installed, it shall be in accordance with SS CP 52. Quick response sprinklers shall be provided. Each parking deck shall be protected by at least one sprinkler head.

(b) Where clean agent fire extinguishing systems are installed, they shall comply with NFPA 2001. The amount of agent required to achieve the design concentration shall be based on total flooding method.

(i) Standby cylinders at 100% capacity shall be provided on site;

(ii) All doors, shutters, dampers, and/or openings shall be closed throughout the duration of gas deployment;

(iii) Bypass door shall be provided in the event there are occupants inside U-FAMCP during gas deployment; and

(iv) Firefighters shall be able to activate the clean agent manually if the system was not activated during fire.

(c) Foam inlet in accordance to Cl.6.2.7 shall be provided to address liquid fire (burning fuel on water).

(8) Sump pit shall be provided to contain water discharge from the sprinkler system. The capacity of the sump pit shall be based on simultaneous operation of sprinklers for four car park decks. Foam inlet in accordance to Cl.6.2.7 shall be provided adjacent to the sump pit to address liquid fire (burning fuel on water).

(9) Smoke vents shall apply to basements not exceeding 1000m² in floor area and maximum 5m in depth measured from the ground level area to the lowest floor level.

(a) For U-FAMCP protected by sprinkler systems, ventilation openings (with exhaust air outlet sited at high level and fresh air inlet sited at low level) of at least 2.5% of the largest floor area of any car parking level shall be provided. It shall be operated automatically by activation of sprinklers or heat detectors, if such openings are not naturally ventilated.

(b) For U-FAMCP protected by clean agent fire extinguishing systems, ventilation openings (with exhaust air outlet sited at high level and fresh air sited at low level) of at least 2.5% of the largest floor area of any parking level shall be provided. It shall be operated manually by firefighters. Smoke purging systems of 9 air changes per hour shall be provided if the basement exceeds 1000m² in floor area or 5m in depth measured from the ground level area to the lowest floor level.

(c) For U-FAMCP protected by sprinkler systems, the smoke purging systems shall be operated automatically by activation of heat detectors.

(d) For U-FAMCP protected by clean agent fire extinguishing systems, smoke purging systems shall be operated manually by firefighters.

(10) Detection systems shall be installed as follows:

(a) Addressable heat detectors shall be installed according to SS CP 10 and provided to every parking deck to assist firefighters in identifying the exact location of the car on fire. Each addressable heat detector shall be represented by its own LED light indicator and shall be displayed at the sub-alarm panel in accordance to their locations/ levels. Sub-alarm panels shall be provided at the entrance of U-FAMCP.

(b) Thermocouple for every parking level shall be provided such that no point in the U-FAMCP shall exceed 10m from a thermocouple. A panel to display temperature readings shall be installed adjacent to the sub-alarm panel.

(11) The deck-to-deck height shall be at least 2.2m.

(12) Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) shall be provided and maintained in a clearly marked cabinet for maintenance personnel. Maintenance personnel must be equipped with SCBA while working in U-FAMCP. Signage with words minimum 50mm shall be clearly visible and state: “Personnel must be equipped with SCBA during maintenance”.

(13) U-FAMCP shall be maintained and inspected yearly or at intervals specified by the individual system suppliers, whichever is shorter.

TABLE 9.8A : COMPARTMENT SIZE & STORAGE HEIGHT FOR GENERAL WAREHOUSE
Location of Warehouse	Item	Sprinkler- protected	Non-sprinkler-protected
		Storage Hazard	Storage Hazard
		All	Normal	High
Single storey warehouse	Max. floor area per compartment	12000m2	3000m2	2000m2
	Max. cubical extent per compartment	NC	12000m3	7500m3
	Max. storage height	18m	+Ref Table 9.8D & E	12m
Warehouse located on 1st storey of multi-storey warehouse	Max. floor area per compartment	12000m2	3000m2	2000m2
	Max. cubical extent per compartment	NC	12000m3	7500m3
	Max. storage height	15m	+Ref Table 9.8D & E	12m
Multi-storey warehouse with vehicular ramp (min. loading 30 tonnes with dry rising mains)	Max. floor area per compartment	9000m2	3000m2	2000m2
	Max. cubical extent per compartment	NC	12000m3	7500m3
	Max. storage height	15m	+Ref Table 9.8D & E	12m
Multi-storey warehouse without vehicular ramp	Max. floor area per compartment	6000m2	3000m2	2000m2
	Max. cubical extent per compartment	NC	12000m3	7500m3
	Max. storage height	15m	+Ref Table 9.8D & E	12m
Warehouse located in basement	Max. floor area per compartment	3000m2	NP	NP
	Max. cubical extent per compartment	12000m3	NP	NP
	Max. storage height	12m	NP	NP
Note : NC = No Control NP = Not Permit * = Subject to full compliance of Cl.3.2.7a. and Cl.1.4.68d. + = Storage height not exceeding the limits for goods in the various categories suitable for ordinary hazard protection (you may also refer to Table 9.8D & Table 9.8E.

TABLE 9.8B : SMOKE CONTROL REQUIREMENTS FOR GENERAL WAREHOUSE
Location of Warehouse	Compartment Size	Provision of Sprinkler System	Smoke Control Requirement
Aboveground level	<= 100m2	no	NR
	> 100m2  and <= 400m2	no	aSmoke vent (min % openings follow Table 9.8C)
	> 400m2  to size limit of Table 9.8A	no	bSmoke vent (20% / 12m)
	<= 700m2	yes	NR
	> 700m2  and <= 5000m2	yes	cSmoke vent or +purging system
	> 5000m2	yes	engineered smoke control system
Underground level (*Basement)	<= 2000m2	yes	cSmoke vent or +purging system
	> 2000m2	yes	engineered smoke control system
Note: NR = Not Required a = smoke vent openings base on the Table 9.8C; b = smoke vent shall be at least 20% of the floor area it served and shall not be more than 12m measured horizontally away from any part of the warehouse; c = smoke vent shall comply with Cl.7.4.2 (adequately & evenly distributed along the perimeter of the fire compartment or basement); + = smoke purging system shall comply with Cl.7.4.3 (adequately & evenly distributed within the fire compartment or basement); * = smoke control system shall be provided for the entire basement except the protected exit shafts, lift shafts and M&E riser shafts.

TABLE 9.8C: SMOKE VENT REQUIREMENTS FOR NON-SPRINKLER-PROTECTED BUILDING
Minimum size of smoke vent opening	Horizontal distance from smoke vent*
(Percentage of floor area)	(m)
2.5%	12m
5.0%	15m
10.0%	18m
15.0%	21m
20.0%	24m
Note: * - No area in the warehouse shall be more than the indicated distance measured horizontally from any vertical or horizontal smoke vent

TABLE 9.8D : HIGH-PILED STORAGE RISK INVOLVING FREE-STANDING STORAGE OR BLOCK STACKING [Extract from TABLE 21(A) of SS CP 52]
Category of storage	Overall stack height (m)
	Non-encapsulated storage	Encapsulated storage
1	4.0	3.00
2	3.0	2.25
3	2.1	1.60
4	1.2	0.90
Note: 1. The term “store” or “storage” includes the warehousing or the temporary depositing of goods or materials while undergoing process. 2. To provide for any future requirements, the height of storage shall be taken as not less than 1m below any ceiling or roof.

TABLE 9.8E : HIGH-PILED STORAGE RISK INVOLVING POST OR BOX PALLETS OR PALLETISED RACK STORAGE [Extract from TABLE 21(B) of SS CP 52]
Category of storage	Overall stack height (m)
	Non-encapsulated storage	Encapsulated storage
1	3.5	2.7
2	2.6	2.0
3	1.7	1.3
4	1.2	0.9
Note : 1. To provide for any future requirements, the height of storage shall be taken as not less than 1m below any ceiling or roof. 2. Good practice dictates that box or post pallet storage shall not exceed 2 rows wide in one direction. 3. Rack storage with aisles less than 1.2m in width is treated as multiple row racks.

TABLE 9.8F : IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Class	Type of HazMat
1	Explosives (1.1 to 1.6)
2.1	Flammable gases
2.2	Non-flammable compressed gases
2.3	Poisonous gases
3	Flammable and combustible liquids
4.1	Flammable solids
4.2	Substances liable to spontaneous combustion
4.3	Substances which, dangerous when contact with water
5.1	Oxidizers
5.2	Organic peroxides
6.1	Poisonous substances
6.2	Infectious substances (etiologic agents)
7	Radioactive materials Category I
	Radioactive materials Category II
	Radioactive materials Category III
8	Corrosive materials
9	Miscellaneous hazardous materials (dangerous sub-substances)

TABLE 9.8G : SIZE LIMITATION
Hazard Grade#	Maximum Fire Compartment Size (m²)
	K1*	K2*	K3*	K4*
3 & 4	≤ 50m2	≤ 200m2	≤ 600m2	≤ 900m2
2	≤ 100m2	≤ 400m2	≤ 2400m2	≤ 3600m2
1	≤ 400m2	≤ 2000m2	**	**
Note : (1) The required fire protection system is only restricted to the chemical/ HazMat warehouse fire compartment. However, automatic fire detectors (linked to approved alarm monitoring company) shall also be provided along the perimeter of the fire compartment wall if the building housing the HazMat warehouse is not protected with the automatic or the sprinkler system (it is only applicable where the warehouse is directly connected to other occupied area within the building through access opening). (2)  The fire compartment wall shall be constructed with at least 2-hr fire resistance rating, regardless of the type of fire protection system. For Class 3 HazMat storage, it shall be masonry construction except the ceiling (all floor element above such HazMat storage shall be masonry construction with at least 2-hr fire resistance rating) can use fire-rated board but to comply fully with the M&E riser shaft requirements. (3) Different classes and incompatible HazMat shall be stored in separate fire compartment with at least 2-hr fire resistance rating. (4) No basement floor is allowed to store Hazardous materials. (5) The compartment size limit and type of fire protection system for Class 2 HazMat shall follow Hazard Grade 1 requirements. (6) Fire-rated roller shutter is not allowed for the purpose to limit the compartment size control; any fire-rated roller shutter at the access opening shall be activated by either local automatic smoke detection system or/ and the general building automatic fire alarm system.   **  =  No specific limit but to comply with the fire safety requirements for general warehouse. * =  Refer to Table 9.8H for classification of fire protection system # =  Refer to Table 9.8I for hazard grade classification

TABLE 9.8H : CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
CLASS	Fire Protection System
	Type	Monitoring
K1	Manual fire alarm system	To be connected to an approved alarm monitoring company
K2	Automatic fire alarm system	To be connected to an approved alarm monitoring company
K3	Automatic fire sprinkler system	To be connected to an approved alarm monitoring company
K4	Automatic foam sprinkler system	To be connected to an approved alarm monitoring company

TABLE 9.8I : HAZARD GRADE CLASSIFICATION
Hazard Classification		Hazard Grade
		4	3	2	1	0
Liquids	Class 3	Category I & 2	Category 3	Category 4	Flash point > 150°C	Only burns with supporting fire
		Flash point < 23°C	Flash point 23 - 60°C	Flash point 60 - 150°C
Solid Materials	Class 4	Ignites very easily and burns rapidly	Ignites and burns rapidly	Readily combustible	Moderately combustible	Combustible only with supporting fire
Oxidizing Agent	Class 5.1	Class 4	Class 3	Class 2	-	-
		Vary strong oxidizing agent (may be classified under explosive substance)	Strong oxidizing agent	Weak oxidizing agent
Oxidizing Peroxide	Class 5.2	Class I	Class II	Class III	Class IV	Class V

TABLE 9.8J : PROVISION OF FIRE ENGINE ACCESSWAY
Cubical Extent	Minimum Length of Fire Engine Acessway*
	Non-sprinkler-protected	Sprinkler-protected
< 7100m³	⅙   perimeter	⅙ perimeter
> 7100m³ and < 14200m³	¼ perimeter
> 14200m³ and < 28400m³	½ perimeter	¼ perimeter
> 28400m³ and < 42400m³	¾ perimeter	½ perimeter
> 42400m³ and < 56800m³	island site access	¾ perimeter
> 56800m³		island site access
Note : * = Length of fire engine accessway shall be as shown or 15m, whichever is the greater.

TABLE 9.8K : MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITIES (MAQ) IN LABORATORY FOR LIQUID
Laboratory Unit	Max Quantity (excluding qty in cabinet)			Max Quantity (including qty in cabinet)
	(litres per lab unit floor area)			(litres per lab unit floor area)
Laboratory not within hospital or healthcare occupancy	(a) 50L or (b) 1.6 L/m2 and not more than: (1) 350 L for non-sprinkler-protected building, or (2) 500 L for sprinkler- protected building)			3.2 L/m2 and not more than: (1) 750 L for non-sprinkler-protected building, or (2) 1000 L for sprinkler-protected building)
1. liquids stored/used do not consist of category 1 or 2 flammable liquid
2. liquids stored / used consist of category  1 or 2 flammable liquid	(a) 20 L or (b) 0.8 L/m2 and not more than: (1) 250 L for non-sprinkler-protected building, or (2) 350 L for sprinkler- protected building)			1.6 L/m2 and not more than: (1) 500 L for non-sprinkler-protected building, or (2) 750 L for sprinkler-protected building)
Laboratory within hospital or healthcare occupancy	(a) 10 L or (b) 0.4 L/m² and not more than: (1) 150 L for non-sprinkler-protected building, or (2) 250 L for sprinkler- protected building)			0.8 L/m² and not more than: (1) 250 L for non-sprinkler- protected building, or (2) 500 L for sprinkler-protected building)
1. liquids stored/used do not consist of category 1 or 2 flammable liquid
2.     liquids stored/used consist of category  1 or 2 flammable liquid	(a) 5 L or (b) 0.4 L/m² and not more than: (1) 150L for non-sprinkler- protected building, or (2) 250 L for sprinkler- protected building)			0.8 L/m² and not more than: (1) 250 L for non-sprinkler- protected building, or (2) 500 L for sprinkler-protected building)
Note : (1) Individual lab unit shall be a fire compartment. (2)  Each safety cabinet is still restricted to max of 250L (to comply with SS 532). (3) Laboratory operators are strongly advised and encouraged to minimise their amount of flammable liquids on benches by returning them to chemical store or safety cabinets (UL, FM or PLS listed product) when the liquids are not needed for the day. The quantity of these liquids placed on benches and fume cupboards shall not exceed 10% of the total allowable storage capacity within the lab unit. Liquids used for running and operating laboratory instruments or other works-in- progress which may require some quantities of solvents to operate are exempted from the 10% limit.

TABLE 9.8L : MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITIES (MAQ) IN LABORATORY FOR GASES
Item		Types of Gases	Maximum Quantity (litres per lab unit floor area protected by sprinkler system)
1		Flammable gases	(a) 170 L or (b) 3.4 L/m2 per cluster
2		Oxidizing gases	(a) 170 L or (b) 3.4 L/m2 per cluster
3		Liquefied flammable gases*	(a) 30 L or (b) 0.6 L/m2 per cluster
4		Toxic gases	(a) 8 L or (b) 0.16 L/m2 per cluster
Note : (1) The capacity in litres (L) is referred to the internal volume (water capacity) of the gas cylinder. (2) Laboratory work Area is not necessary be individual fire compartment but shall be housed within a lab unit. (3) For item 1 to 3, the MAQ shall be halved for those building which is not protected with sprinkler system. (4) Item 1 to 4 may be accommodated in a single cluster and be spaced at least 3m apart from each cluster (6m for building without sprinkler protection). (5) To comply with NFPA 45 for others requirements such as the ventilation (4 & 8 air changes), hazard identification and” No Smoking” signs etc. (6) The provision of sprinkler system shall be designed under the Ordinary Hazard Group 3 Special (SS CP 52). (7) No combustible materials shall be placed within 3m buffer range of the gas cylinder; (8) No flammable or combustible liquid shall be placed within 6m buffer range of the gas cylinder. (9) For storage and handling of Class 2 HazMat in enclosed space (including the concealed space of raised floor and ceiling), metal pipe sleeve and gas leak detection system shall be provided to reduce the accumulation of gases and vapours that may cause danger to occupant, building and emergency response team. Oxygen-level monitoring system shall be provided to prevent the possibility of oxygen-deletion (asphyxiation) within the room; (10) The air-conditioning system and MV system for laboratory unit shall not be shared with other occupied areas. * = For LPG cylinders, only 2 x 4.5kg cylinders are allowed for each lab unit.